I'm back! After a week of vacation, a week of catching up at work, and a forum upgrade...the results are in (sort of). After another couple hours of work, in the end I had to cut the tube off. I got as much tube metal as I could from inside the wheel, and ground it flush with the bottom side of the steering wheel metal hub.
Picture 1: steering tube cut off. I knicked the underside of my steering wheel a couple times with the Dremel tool.

Picture 2: The leftovers from the tube, the spring, the bearing cup, etc.
Picture 3: A little closer look
Picture 4: Cleaned up(?)
Picture 5: My replacement column with the remnants of a steering wheel still on it.
Picture 6: My guess is my original steering tube somehow made its way up to the small groove in the steering wheel hub and flared over it, locking it on the steering wheel. Who knows?
Picture 7: Steering wheel hub off my replacement column.
Picture 8: Replacement column needs a little cleaning up.
New bearings, cup, seals, etc. arrived today from Kaiser Willys. Hopefully I can get some garage time in this weekend.